John 9: 1-41
The man born blind
9:1 As he walked along, he saw a man blind from birth.
9:2 His disciples asked him, “Rabbi, who sinned, this man or his parents, that he was born blind?”
9:3 Jesus answered, “Neither this man nor his parents sinned; he was born blind so that God’s works might be revealed in him.
9:4 We must work the works of him who sent me while it is day; night is coming when no one can work.
9:5 As long as I am in the world, I am the light of the world.”
9:6 When he had said this, he spat on the ground and made mud with the saliva and spread the mud on the man’s eyes,
9:7 saying to him, “Go, wash in the pool of Siloam” (which means Sent). Then he went and washed and came back able to see.
9:8 The neighbors and those who had seen him before as a beggar began to ask, “Is this not the man who used to sit and beg?”
9:9 Some were saying, “It is he.” Others were saying, “No, but it is someone like him.” He kept saying, “I am the he.”
9:10 But they kept asking him, “Then how were your eyes opened?”
9:11 He answered, “The man called Jesus made mud, spread it on my eyes, and said to me, ‘Go to Siloam and wash.’ Then I went and washed and received my sight.”
9:12 They said to him, “Where is he?” He said, “I do not know.”
9:13 They brought to the Pharisees the man who had formerly been blind.
9:14 Now it was a Sabbath day when Jesus made the mud and opened his eyes.
9:15 Then the Pharisees also began to ask him how he had received his sight. He said to them, “He put mud on my eyes. Then I washed, and now I see.”
9:16 Some of the Pharisees said, “This man is not from God, for he does not observe the Sabbath.” Others said, “How can a man who is a sinner perform such signs?” And they were divided.
9:17 So they said again to the blind man, “What do you say about him? It was your eyes he opened.” He said, “He is a prophet.”
9:18 The Jews did not believe that he had been blind and had received his sight until they called the parents of the man who had received his sight
9:19 and asked them, “Is this your son, who you say was born blind? How then does he now see?”
9:20 His parents answered, “We know that this is our son and that he was born blind,
9:21 but we do not know how it is that now he sees, nor do we know who opened his eyes. Ask him; he is of age. He will speak for himself.”
9:22 His parents said this because they were afraid of the Jews, for the Jews had already agreed that anyone who confessed Jesus to be the Messiah would be put out of the synagogue.
9:23 Therefore his parents said, “He is of age; ask him.”
9:24 So for the second time they called the man who had been blind, and they said to him, “Give glory to God! We know that this man is a sinner.”
9:25 He answered, “I do not know whether he is a sinner. One thing I do know, that though I was blind, now I see.”
9:26 They said to him, “What did he do to you? How did he open your eyes?”
9:27 He answered them, “I have told you already, and you would not listen. Why do you want to hear it again? Do you also want to become his disciples?”
9:28 Then they reviled him, saying, “You are his disciple, but we are disciples of Moses.
9:29We know that God has spoken to Moses, but as for this man, we do not know where he comes from.”
9:30The man answered, “Here is an astonishing thing! You do not know where he comes from, yet he opened my eyes.
9:31 We know that God does not listen to sinners, but he does listen to one who worships him and obeys his will.
9:32 Never since the world began has it been heard that anyone opened the eyes of a person born blind.
9:33 If this man were not from God, he could do nothing.”
9:34 They answered him, “You were born entirely in sins, and are you trying to teach us?” And they drove him out.
9:35 Jesus heard that they had driven him out, and when he found him he said, “Do you believe in the Son of Man?”
9:36 He answered, “And who is he, sir? Tell me, so that I may believe in him.”
9:37 Jesus said to him, “You have seen him, and the one speaking with you is he.”
9:38 He said, “Lord, I believe.” And he worshiped him.
9:39 Jesus said, “I came into this world for judgment, so that those who do not see may see and those who do see may become blind.”
9:40 Some of the Pharisees who were with him heard this and said to him, “Surely we are not blind, are we?”
9:41 Jesus said to them, “If you were blind, you would not have sin. But now that you say, ‘We see,’ your sin remains.
1 Καὶ παράγων εἶδεν ἄνθρωπον τυφλὸν ἐκ γενετῆς.
2 Καὶ ἠρώτησαν αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ λέγοντες· ῥαββί, τίς ἥμαρτεν, οὗτος ἢ οἱ γονεῖς αὐτοῦ, ἵνα τυφλὸς γεννηθῇ;
3 Ἀπεκρίθη ᾿Ιησοῦς· οὔτε οὗτος ἥμαρτεν οὔτε οἱ γονεῖς αὐτοῦ, ἀλλ’ ἵνα φανερωθῇ τὰ ἔργα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ.
4 Ἐμὲ δεῖ ἐργάζεσθαι τὰ ἔργα τοῦ πέμψαντός με ἕως ἡμέρα ἐστίν· ἔρχεται νὺξ ὅτε οὐδεὶς δύναται ἐργάζεσθαι.
5 Ὅταν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ ᾦ, φῶς εἰμι τοῦ κόσμου.
6 Ταῦτα εἰπὼν ἔπτυσε χαμαὶ καὶ ἐποίησε πηλὸν ἐκ τοῦ πτύσματος, καὶ ἐπέχρισε τὸν πηλὸν ἐπὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ
7 καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· ὕπαγε νίψαι εἰς τὴν κολυμβήθραν τοῦ Σιλωάμ, ὃ ἑρμηνεύεται ἀπεσταλμένος. Ἀπῆλθεν οὖν καὶ ἐνίψατο, καὶ ἦλθε βλέπων.
8 Οἱ οὖν γείτονες καὶ οἱ θεωροῦντες αὐτὸν τὸ πρότερον ὅτι τυφλὸς ἦν, ἔλεγον· οὐχ οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ καθήμενος καὶ προσαιτῶν;
9 Ἄλλοι ἔλεγον ὅτι οὗτός ἐστιν· ἄλλοι δὲ ὅτι ὅμοιος αὐτῷ ἐστιν. Ἐκεῖνος ἔλεγεν ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι.
10 Ἔλεγον οὖν αὐτῷ· πῶς ἀνεῴχθησάν σου οἱ ὀφθαλμοί;
11 Ἀπεκρίθη ἐκεῖνος καὶ εἶπεν· ἄνθρωπος λεγόμενος Ἰησοῦς πηλὸν ἐποίησε καὶ ἐπέχρισέ μου τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς καὶ εἶπέ μοι· ὕπαγε εἰς τὴν κολυμβήθραν τοῦ Σιλωὰμ καὶ νίψαι· ἀπελθὼν δὲ καὶ νιψάμενος ἀνέβλεψα.
12 Εἶπον οὖν αὐτῷ· ποῦ ἐστιν ἐκεῖνος; λέγει· οὐκ οἶδα.
13 Ἄγουσιν αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς Φαρισαίους, τόν ποτε τυφλόν.
14 Ἦν δὲ σάββατον ὅτε τὸν πηλὸν ἐποίησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς καὶ ἀνέῳξεν αὐτοῦ τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς.
15 Πάλιν οὖν ἠρώτων αὐτὸν καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι πῶς ἀνέβλεψεν. Ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· πηλὸν ἐπέθηκέ μου ἐπὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, καὶ ἐνιψάμην, καὶ βλέπω.
16 Ἔλεγον οὖν ἐκ τῶν Φαρισαίων τινές· οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος οὐκ ἔστι παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ὅτι τὸ σάββατον οὐ τηρεῖ. ἄλλοι ἔλεγον· πῶς δύναται ἄνθρωπος ἁμαρτωλὸς τοιαῦτα σημεῖα ποιεῖν; Καὶ σχίσμα ἦν ἐν αὐτοῖς.
17 Λέγουσι τῷ τυφλῷ πάλιν· σὺ τί λέγεις περὶ αὐτοῦ, ὅτι ἤνοιξέ σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς; Ὁ δὲ εἶπεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐστίν.
18 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ ᾿Ιουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι τυφλὸς ἦν καὶ ἀνέβλεψεν, ἕως ὅτου ἐφώνησαν τοὺς γονεῖς αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἀναβλέψαντος
19 καὶ ἠρώτησαν αὐτοὺς λέγοντες· οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱὸς ὑμῶν, ὃν ὑμεῖς λέγετε ὅτι τυφλὸς ἐγεννήθη; πῶς οὖν ἄρτι βλέπει;
20 Ἀπεκρίθησαν δὲ αὐτοῖς οἱ γονεῖς αὐτοῦ καὶ εἶπον· οἴδαμεν ὅτι οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱὸς ἡμῶν καὶ ὅτι τυφλὸς ἐγεννήθη·
21 πῶς δὲ νῦν βλέπει οὐκ οἴδαμεν, ἢ τίς ἤνοιξεν αὐτοῦ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ἡμεῖς οὐκ οἴδαμεν· αὐτὸς ἡλικίαν ἔχει, αὐτὸν ἐρωτήσατε, αὐτὸς περὶ ἑαυτοῦ λαλήσει.
22 Ταῦτα εἶπον οἱ γονεῖς αὐτοῦ, ὅτι ἐφοβοῦντο τοὺς ᾿Ιουδαίους· ἤδη γὰρ συνετέθειντο οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι ἵνα, ἐάν τις αὐτὸν ὁμολογήσῃ Χριστόν, ἀποσυνάγωγος γένηται.
23 Διὰ τοῦτο οἱ γονεῖς αὐτοῦ εἶπον ὅτι ἡλικίαν ἔχει, αὐτὸν ἐρωτήσατε.
24 Ἐφώνησαν οὖν ἐκ δευτέρου τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὃς ἦν τυφλός, καὶ εἶπον αὐτῷ· δὸς δόξαν τῷ Θεῷ· ἡμεῖς οἴδαμεν ὅτι ὁ ἄνθρωπος οὗτος ἁμαρτωλός ἐστιν.
25 Ἀπεκρίθη οὖν ἐκεῖνος καὶ εἶπεν· εἰ ἁμαρτωλός ἐστιν οὐκ οἶδα· ἓν οἶδα, ὅτι τυφλὸς ὢν ἄρτι βλέπω.
26 Εἶπον δὲ αὐτῷ πάλιν· τί ἐποίησέ σοι; Πῶς ἤνοιξέ σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς;
27 Ἀπεκρίθη αὐτοῖς· εἶπον ὑμῖν ἤδη, καὶ οὐκ ἠκούσατε· τί πάλιν θέλετε ἀκούειν; Μὴ καὶ ὑμεῖς θέλετε αὐτοῦ μαθηταὶ γενέσθαι;
28 Ἐλοιδόρησαν αὐτὸν καὶ εἶπον· σὺ εἶ μαθητὴς ἐκείνου· ἡμεῖς δὲ τοῦ Μωυσέως ἐσμὲν μαθηταί.
29 Ἡμεῖς οἴδαμεν ὅτι Μωυσεῖ λελάληκεν ὁ Θεός· τοῦτον δὲ οὐκ οἴδαμεν πόθεν ἐστίν.
30 Ἀπεκρίθη ὁ ἄνθρωπος καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· ἐν γὰρ τούτῳ θαυμαστόν ἐστιν, ὅτι ὑμεῖς οὐκ οἴδατε πόθεν ἐστί, καὶ ἀνέῳξέ μου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς.
31 Οἴδαμεν δὲ ὅτι ἁμαρτωλῶν ὁ Θεὸς οὐκ ἀκούει, ἀλλ’ ἐάν τις θεοσεβὴς ᾖ καὶ τὸ θέλημα αὐτοῦ ποιῇ, τούτου ἀκούει.
32 Ἐκ τοῦ αἰῶνος οὐκ ἠκούσθη ὅτι ἤνοιξέ τις ὀφθαλμοὺς τυφλοῦ γεγεννημένου.
33 Εἰ μὴ ἦν οὗτος παρὰ Θεοῦ, οὐκ ἠδύνατο ποιεῖν οὐδέν.
34 Ἀπεκρίθησαν καὶ εἶπον αὐτῷ· ἐν ἁμαρτίαις σὺ ἐγεννήθης ὅλος, καὶ σὺ διδάσκεις ἡμᾶς; Καὶ ἐξέβαλον αὐτὸν ἔξω.
35 Ἤκουσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ὅτι ἐξέβαλον αὐτὸν ἔξω, καὶ εὑρὼν αὐτὸν εἶπεν αὐτῷ· σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ Θεοῦ;
36 Ἀπεκρίθη ἐκεῖνος καὶ εἶπε· καὶ τίς ἐστι, Κύριε, ἵνα πιστεύσω εἰς αὐτόν;
37 Εἶπε δὲ αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς· καὶ ἑώρακας αὐτὸν καὶ ὁ λαλῶν μετὰ σοῦ ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν.
38 Ὁ δὲ ἔφη· πιστεύω, Κύριε· καὶ προσεκύνησεν αὐτῷ.
39 Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς· εἰς κρῖμα ἐγὼ εἰς τὸν κόσμον τοῦτον ἦλθον, ἵνα οἱ μὴ βλέποντες βλέπωσι καὶ οἱ βλέποντες τυφλοὶ γένωνται.
40 Καὶ ἤκουσαν ἐκ τῶν Φαρισαίων ταῦτα οἱ ὄντες μετ’ αὐτοῦ, καὶ εἶπον αὐτῷ· μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν;
41 Εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς· εἰ τυφλοὶ ἦτε, οὐκ ἂν εἴχετε ἁμαρτίαν· νῦν δὲ λέγετε ὅτι βλέπομεν· ἡ οὖν ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει.
Comments
‘Blindness’ and ‘sight’ are key to this lengthy pericope. In Greek, *εἴδω (cf. Latin video), ‘to see’, is related etymologically to οἶδα, ‘to know’. Knowledge is figurative sight. Plato’s ‘ideas’, ἰδέαι, i.e. his abstract archetypes or forms, are connected to the verb ‘to see’.
[1] τυφλὸν: τυφλός = ‘blind’ is first attested in the Iliad: Zeus struck king Lycurgus blind to punish him for brazenly attacking the infant god Dionysus (Iliad 6.139). The word is repeated throughout the passage no less than thirteen times after v. 1 (vv. 2, 6, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 32, 40, 41).
[2] , τίς ἥμαρτεν, οὗτος ἢ οἱ γονεῖς αὐτοῦ, ἵνα τυφλὸς γεννηθῇ;: ἥμαρτεν, 2nd aor., 3rd pers. sg. < ἁμαρτάνω, absol., ‘I err’; ‘I sin’ (cl. Greek: LSJ, s.v.); ‘I act sinfully, I sin’ (LXX & NT Greek: Muraoka & EDNT, s.v.).
ἵνα τυφλὸς γεννηθῇ: strictly speaking, this purpose clause, lit., ‘in order that he may be born blind’ refers to the future, whereas the context plainly suggests that the question concerns a past event. In LXX Gk, ἵνα + aor. subj. (as here) expresses a result (Muraoka s.v. ἵνα, 2). Here too the clause is consecutive, ‘so that he was born blind’. It amplifies the adverbial (temporal) phrase in v. 1, ἐκ γενετῆς, ‘from birth’, ‘congenitally’. The prep. phrase is already found in Homer and cl. Gk (LSJ, s.v. γενετή).
[3] ἀλλ’ ἵνα φανερωθῇ: here the clause introduced by ἵνα is final.
[4] Ἐμὲ δεῖ ἐργάζεσθαι τὰ ἔργα: the pers. pron. Ἐμὲ at the head of the sentence is emphatic. Lit., ‘it is necessary/ obligatory for ME to work the (specific) works’, hence ‘I must perform, carry out the specific works (or tasks)’. ἐργάζομαι ἔργα in ancient Greek is used properly of farm work or other manual labour (cf. LSJ, s.v.). ἔργα = cognate acc. object. The phrase ἐργάζομαι ἔργα is frequent in LXX and NT (EDNT, p. 48, s.v. ἐργάζομαι ).
ἔρχεται νὺξ ὅτε οὐδεὶς δύναται ἐργάζεσθαι: the sentence follows on without connection to the preceding one; such absence of a conjunction (asyndeton) also occurs in Greek of earlier periods, and implies a causal connection to the preceding sentence. Thus: ‘(because) the night is coming…’ The present tense of the two vbs in this sentence represent ‘prophetic present’, which expresses a future certainty and is also found in cl. Gk. (This type of future has been discussed in other comments.)
[6] Ταῦτα εἰπὼν ἔπτυσε χαμαὶ καὶ ἐποίησε πηλὸν ἐκ τοῦ πτύσματος, καὶ ἐπέχρισε τὸν πηλὸν ἐπὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ: ἔπτυσε, aor., 2nd pers. sg., πτύω, absol., ‘I spit’ (cl. Greek); the verb is onomatopoieic (imitative) like the Engl. ‘spit’.
πτύσματος: genet. sg., πτύσμα, τό, ‘sputum, spittle’ (cl. Greek), also onomatopoeic.
χαμαὶ: adv. (place), ‘on the ground’ (already in Homer). Cf. Engl. chameleon, ‘lion on the ground’.
ἐποίησε: aor., 3rd pers. sg., ποιῶ (έω), ‘Ι make, fashion, create’, hence ποιητής, ‘maker’, ‘poet’, ‘creator’.
ἐπέχρισε: aor., 3rd pers. sg., επιχρίω (a compound vb), ‘I anoint’, ‘smear’ (already in Homer); see LSJ, s.v. Cf. Χριστός. ἐπέχρισε recurs in v. 11.
[7] ὕπαγε νίψαι εἰς τὴν κολυμβήθραν: ὕπαγε, 2nd pers. imper. in the present < ὑπάγω, ‘go, go away, go forth’ (standard in koine and frequent in NT, esp. in miracle accounts).
νίψαι: 2nd pers. sg. imper., aor. < νίπτομαι (middle voice), ‘wash my face, hands, or feet’ (a favourite vb in St John). The man is to wash his face, not bathe. The vb will recur in this v. and in v. 15.
Ἀπῆλθεν οὖν καὶ ἐνίψατο, καὶ ἦλθε βλέπων: note the opposites, Ἀπῆλθεν, ‘he went away, departed’ (< ἀπ-έρχομαι) and ἦλθε, ‘he came back, returned’ (< ἔρχομαι). βλέπων, ‘able to see’, coming at the end of the sentence, is emphatic. Βλέπω can mean the opposite of ‘I am blind’ as here and in Sophocles, Oedipus Rex 302 (see LSJ, s.v.). The vb will recur in v. 15 and cf. the cmpd ἀναβλέπω in vv. 11, 15, and 18.
[11] ἀνέβλεψα: 1st pers. sg., aor. < ἀναβλέπω βλέπω, lit., ‘look up’ (in cl. Gk, LXX, & NT); but also (in cl. Gk, LXX, and NT) ‘receive my sight’, ‘recover my eyesight’, the sense required here. One can imagine the blind man looking up (ἀνα-) and seeing. As the aorists in v. 7 (immed. above), the aor. tense ἀνέβλεψα indicates a one-off action and hence an instantaneous miracle.
[13] τόν ποτε τυφλόν: ποτε is an indefinite adv., ‘once’ (referring to the past, as in Engl. ‘once upon a time’). Here it means in effect ‘formerly, erstwhile’.
[25] ἓν οἶδα, ὅτι τυφλὸς ὢν ἄρτι βλέπω: ‘I can see’ (βλέπω) at the end of the sentence is climactic.
τυφλὸς ὢν: concessive participle, ‘albeit blind’, ‘though I was blind’. A dramatic antithesis. It is appropriate that οἶδα ‘I know’, ‘I see mentally’ is echoed by the genuinely visual verb, βλέπω.
[34] ἐξέβαλον αὐτὸν ἔξω: ‘they threw him out, expelled him’; ἔξω, adv., ‘out, out of’ is construed with a vb of motion. As it is inherent in the vb ἐξ–έβαλον, the adv. is redundant but, for that reason, emphatic.
[39] ἵνα οἱ μὴ βλέποντες βλέπωσι καὶ οἱ βλέποντες τυφλοὶ γένωνται: structurally the purpose clause is a chiasmus (A~B, b~a: the blind see ~ those with sight become blind). It neatly enacts miraculous topsy-turviness.
Insights into Biblical Greek Grammar and Syntax 