John 20:19-31
Beholding the wounds of the risen Christ
20:19 When it was evening on that day, the first day of the week, and the doors were locked where the disciples were, for fear of the Jews, Jesus came and stood among them and said, “Peace be with you.”
20:20 After he said this, he showed them his hands and his side. Then the disciples rejoiced when they saw the Lord.
20:21 Jesus said to them again, “Peace be with you. As the Father has sent me, so I send you.”
20:22 When he had said this, he breathed on them and said to them, “Receive the Holy Spirit.
20:23 If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven them; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained.”
20:24 But Thomas (who was called the Twin), one of the twelve, was not with them when Jesus came.
20:25 So the other disciples told him, “We have seen the Lord.” But he said to them, “Unless I see the mark of the nails in his hands and put my finger in the mark of the nails and my hand in his side, I will not believe.”
20:26 A week later his disciples were again in the house, and Thomas was with them. Although the doors were shut, Jesus came and stood among them and said, “Peace be with you.”
20:27 Then he said to Thomas, “Put your finger here and see my hands. Reach out your hand and put it in my side. Do not doubt but believe.”
20:28 Thomas answered him, “My Lord and my God!”
20:29 Jesus said to him, “Have you believed because you have seen me? Blessed are those who have not seen and yet have come to believe.”
20:30 Now Jesus did many other signs in the presence of his disciples that are not written in this book.
20:31 But these are written so that you may continue to believe that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, and that through believing you may have life in his name.
[19] Οὔσης οὖν ὀψίας τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ τῇ μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων, καὶ τῶν θυρῶν κεκλεισμένων ὅπου ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ συνηγμένοι διὰ τὸν φόβον τῶν ᾿Ιουδαίων, ἦλθεν ὁ ᾿Ιησοῦς καὶ ἔστη εἰς τὸ μέσον, καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· εἰρήνη ὑμῖν.
[20] καὶ τοῦτο εἰπὼν ἔδειξεν αὐτοῖς τὰς χεῖρας καὶ τὴν πλευρὰν αὐτοῦ. ἐχάρησαν οὖν οἱ μαθηταὶ ἰδόντες τὸν Κύριον.
[21] εἶπεν οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ ᾿Ιησοῦς πάλιν· εἰρήνη ὑμῖν. καθὼς ἀπέσταλκέ με ὁ πατήρ, κἀγὼ πέμπω ὑμᾶς.
[22] καὶ τοῦτο εἰπὼν ἐνεφύσησε καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς· λάβετε Πνεῦμα ῞Αγιον·
[23] ἄν τινων ἀφῆτε τὰς ἁμαρτίας, ἀφίενται αὐτοῖς, ἄν τινων κρατῆτε, κεκράτηνται.
[24] Θωμᾶς δὲ εἷς ἐκ τῶν δώδεκα, ὁ λεγόμενος Δίδυμος, οὐκ ἦν μετ᾽ αὐτῶν ὅτε ἦλθεν ὁ ᾿Ιησοῦς.
[25] ἔλεγον οὖν αὐτῷ οἱ ἄλλοι μαθηταί· ἑωράκαμεν τὸν Κύριον. ὁ δὲ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· ἐὰν μὴ ἴδω ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτοῦ τὸν τύπον τῶν ἥλων, καὶ βάλω τὸν δάκτυλόν μου εἰς τὸν τύπον τῶν ἥλων, καὶ βάλω τὴν χεῖρά μου εἰς τὴν πλευρὰν αὐτοῦ, οὐ μὴ πιστεύσω.
[26]Καὶ μεθ᾽ ἡμέρας ὀκτὼ πάλιν ἦσαν ἔσω οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ Θωμᾶς μετ᾽ αὐτῶν. ἔρχεται ὁ ᾿Ιησοῦς τῶν θυρῶν κεκλεισμένων, καὶ ἔστη εἰς τὸ μέσον καὶ εἶπεν· εἰρήνη ὑμῖν.
[27 ]εἶτα λέγει τῷ Θωμᾷ· φέρε τὸν δάκτυλόν σου ὧδε καὶ ἴδε τὰς χεῖράς μου, καὶ φέρε τὴν χεῖρά σου καὶ βάλε εἰς τὴν πλευράν μου, καὶ μὴ γίνου ἄπιστος, ἀλλὰ πιστός.
[28] καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Θωμᾶς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ· ὁ Κύριός μου καὶ ὁ Θεός μου.
[29] λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ ᾿Ιησοῦς· ὅτι ἑώρακάς με, πεπίστευκας· μακάριοι οἱ μὴ ἰδόντες καὶ πιστεύσαντες.
[30]Πολλὰ μὲν οὖν καὶ ἄλλα σημεῖα ἐποίησεν ὁ ᾿Ιησοῦς ἐνώπιον τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ, ἃ οὐκ ἔστι γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ τούτῳ·
[31]ταῦτα δὲ γέγραπται ἵνα πιστεύσητε ὅτι ᾿Ιησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ ἵνα πιστεύοντες ζωὴν ἔχητε ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ.
Comments
[23] ἄν τινων ἀφῆτε τὰς ἁμαρτίας, ἀφίενται αὐτοῖς, ἄν τινων κρατῆτε, κεκράτηνται: lit., ‘If you let go/ forgive the sins of some persons, they are forgiven for them; if you retain (sc. the sins) of some, they have been retained.’ This is the straightforward and, in my view, the likeliest meaning. Cf. Jn 9:41; 15: 22, 24.
‘Alternatively, because in the Greek text sins does not appear in the second half of the statement, the intent could be to emphasize forgiveness and holding on to community members (as in 17.12; 18.9)’, according to the New Oxford annotated Bible, New rev’sd standard version (5th edn, M. D. Coogan et al. (eds), 2018, p. 1554 ). But this requires us to read κρατέω in the sense ‘hold fast, embrace’, whereas the expected sense of κρατέω + gen. pers. is ‘lay hold of, grasp’ in cl. Gk, LXX , and the NT( Montanari s.v., C; Muraoka s.v., 1a; EDNT s.v., 2).
[25] ἐὰν μὴ ἴδω ἐν ταῖς χερσὶν αὐτοῦ τὸν τύπον τῶν ἥλων, καὶ βάλω τὸν δάκτυλόν μου εἰς τὸν τύπον τῶν ἥλων, καὶ βάλω τὴν χεῖρά μου εἰς τὴν πλευρὰν αὐτοῦ, οὐ μὴ πιστεύσω: Τhis conditional sentence is made up of three conditions in the subj. (ἴδω, βάλω, βάλω), and culminates in a resolute apodosis, or consequence, οὐ μὴ πιστεύσω. In koine, a statement consisting of the combined negative particles οὐ μὴ + aor. subj. (or indicative future) can communicate a strong negation in the future, equivalent to ‘Under no circumstances, by no means will X happen’. The string of pre-conditions that Thomas appends expresses obstinate disbelief.
τὸν τύπον: repeated twice for emphasis, like the subj. βάλω (‘place, put’); τύπος = ‘impression, imprint’, a macabre detail. According to EDNT s.v. τύπος, 3a, ‘nails are only mentioned here and in Lk 24: 39’.
[26] ἔρχεται ὁ ᾿Ιησοῦς: ‘Jesus comes’. Jn uses the dramatic present alongside past tenses in this verse. The asyndeton (lack of a conjunction linking the sentence to the previous one) creates speed, and with speed comes surprise.
[27] ὧδε: rel. adv., ‘here’; the word is heavily deictic— Jesus is pointing. The adv. thus is also performative.
[28] ὁ Κύριός μου καὶ ὁ Θεός μου: ‘My Lord and my God’ has two parallel predicates, Lord and God; the vb ‘you are’ (εἷ) is understood. This is an ellipsis.
μὴ γίνου ἄπιστος: lit., ‘Do not become unbelieving’. Thomas is heading towards unbelief.
[29] ὅτι ἑώρακάς με, πεπίστευκας: the causal conj. ὅτι introduces a reason or cause which the speaker or writer considers to be real. The causal clause precedes the main clause for emphasis, and also implies an ellipsis: ‘because you have seen me, (for this reason) you have believed.’
Insights into Biblical Greek Grammar and Syntax 